The National Numeracy Strategy Essay Example

The National Numeracy Strategy Essay The National Numeracy Strategy (DfEE 1999: part 1, p.12) requires teachers to identify mistakes, using them as positive teaching points by talking about them and any misconceptions that led to them. When dealing with a childs errors in their work it is not enough to simply mark them as wrong, the child must be given the opportunity to develop a greater level of understanding through correction. This may not simply be re-calculating a sum, but revising their ideas and concepts of the particular topic area. According to Skemp (1989) by the process of understanding, that which began as an error becomes a contribution to knowledge p.200. As identified in Pollard Tann (1993) it is also true that if a child is allowed to continuously make errors in the same subject or on the same topic the child can be caught in a vicious circle in which failure leads to anxiety which leads to further failure p. 68. Children too, experience frustration when they cannot reach their goals and repeated failure may result in loss of confidence and self-esteem. Teachers must provide the opportunity for the child to attain their targets. We will write a custom essay sample on The National Numeracy Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The National Numeracy Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The National Numeracy Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Once the teacher realises the necessity to identify the misconstrued knowledge/concepts, they must discover underlying problems in the most accurate way. To simply study the childs work shows a self-important belief that the teacher can understand what the child is thinking. It is only by discussing with the child their ideas and perceptions that the true reasons for the misconceptions become evident. Alice states that multiplication makes numbers larger and division makes numbers smaller. Alices statements will be accurate when applied to the contexts of multiplication and division that she is most likely to be familiar with, for example positive integers. When children are first introduced to multiplication in school, they become familiar with the terms lots of and sets of, this then leads to an understanding of multiplication as repeated addition, which is often one of the first strategies introduced to children to tackle multiplication questions. One example of this is identified in Suggate et al (1998): Again the assumption could be made that because subtraction makes numbers smaller so too will division. So closely linking these four operations and not distinguishing the differences will map properties of one onto the other. Skemp (1989) identifies how introducing multiplication as repeated addition can lead to further problems, this [repeated addition] works well for the counting numbers, but it does not apply to multiplication of the other kinds of number which children will subsequently encounter; so to teach it this way is making difficulties for the future p.144. He goes on to identify the multiplication of negative numbers and fractions as being an area where children will develop problems. This thinking is reinforced by the Concepts in Secondary Mathematics and Science (CSMS) project where whole number computations and extensions to fractions and decimals were considered (Hart 1981); conclusions note that many children are still only groping towards ideas of multiplication a nd division. Alices teacher would need to discuss, with her, all the ideas and concepts she holds about multiplication and division. Only by exploring the childs understanding of underlying concepts and principles will the reason for the misconceptions become apparent. As already mentioned the teachers assessment of the reason for a childs errors may not be accurate purely by studying their work.  A starting point to rectify the misconception would be to identify in the NNS (DfEE 1999) what understanding Alice should have acquired by her age. Children, according to the NNS (DfEE 1999), do not encounter multiplication or division until year 2, and confirms my previous thinking that children are to understand the two operations as repeated addition and subtraction. It is not until year 4 that children multiply and divide decimals and fractions and examine related theory, such as the commutative law. Alice needs to be taught that multiplication and division are more than just complicated forms of addition and subtraction. There is more to multiplication and division than just computing sums. According to Nunes Bryant (1996) The child must learn about and understand an entirely new set of number meanings and a new set of invariants, all of which are related to multiplication and division, but not to addition and subtraction p.144. Research conducted by Hoyles, Noss Sutherland in 1992 showed an ingenious method to enable children to see that multiplication does not always make numbers bigger. The children were asked to reach a target number (e.g. 100) from a starting point (e.g. 13) through successive multiplications. The pupils easily overshot the target and therefore had to face the question: how do you make numbers smaller by multiplying them? The research identified this as a significant question, which helps pupils see the discontinuity between addition and multiplication. This type of activity along with one related to division could be used in school to highlight concepts children may not have realised. By addressing difficulties within topics early on children are prevented from forming certain misconceptions. The next stage for the teacher would be to decide how to prevent these sorts of misconceptions occurring in following years. It is apparent that Alices previous teaching has not allowed her to access the topic in a way that she can understand it. Teachers must consider both their teaching styles and childrens learning styles when approaching areas that children can easily misconstrue. The following years class should be given the opportunity to explore the concepts and theory behind multiplication and division, this may not be in line with the NNS (DfEE 1999)) order, but may provide those children with a greater comprehension of the operations they are carrying out. Once they are confident with the reasoning their manipulation and computation of numbers should be secure due to their underlying understanding. Emilys work shows four calculations with vulgar fractions. It is apparent that she is working horizontally to complete the sums either adding or subtracting the two numerators and the two denominators. The NNS (DfEE 1999) identifies that children from year 4 upwards should recognise the equivalence between fractions and at year 5 should be able to recognise from practical work simple relationships between fractions part 6 p.23. It appears from Emilys work that she does not understand the relationships. In the first question (shown below) she has to add two fractions with the same denominator.

Theres a Word for That

Theres a Word for That There’s a Word for That There’s a Word for That By Mark Nichol Why is that despite the fact that the English language has hundreds of thousands of words, we have no single-word term for many emotions and other concepts that are specifically represented in other languages and that would be beneficial for everyday use? For example, English has no word equivalent to gianxi, a Chinese term akin to but not the same as goodwill. (It refers to the social stock one accumulates by doing favors and bestowing gifts.) Nor is there any succinct translation of forelsket, the Norwegian word for the ecstasy of love in its early stages. (A concise definition is â€Å"the state of being enamored,† but even if enamoration were a word and why isn’t it? it doesn’t incorporate the context. Infatuation comes close but is not quite equivalent.) My conclusion, after a bit of research, is that English speakers just aren’t trying hard enough. It’s true that the parent language of English, Anglo-Saxon, lets us down in matching single words to concepts, but English is very receptive to new vocabulary. (One comment attributed to a dictionary, though I couldn’t identify the specific source, is that â€Å"English acquires new words with the delicacy of a vacuum cleaner.†) It is this adaptability that we must, for the most part, rely on. (I write â€Å"for the most part† because formation of new words is effortless: See enamoration above.) All we have to do is â€Å"borrow† from other languages. (I enclose borrow in raised eyebrows of irony because steal would be more accurate; we don’t give the words back.) Turn to any page of a dictionary, and you’ll find at least one word acquired from a foreign language: Souvenir, from French. Contort, from Latin. Gymnast, from Greek. More recent acquisitions abound as well: Honcho, from Japanese. Cafeteria, from Spanish. Trek, from Afrikaans. But our loanword word-hoard is woefully incomplete. From German, we have schadenfreude, referring to the enjoyment of other’s misfortunes. But why hasn’t English appropriated pena ajena, an expression from Mexican Spanish that denotes embarrassment about another person’s humiliation? That would certainly come in handy. The answer to my thesis question is this: There’s a word for almost everything, but it isn’t necessarily in the English lexicon yet. English is constantly enriched by the accumulation and integration of vocabulary from other languages, but the only reason you wouldn’t say to me, expecting others to understand, â€Å"You’re such a pochemuchka† that Russian word means â€Å"a person who asks too many questions† is because we haven’t (yet) decided that the word’s useful enough to assimilate. Start introducing more foreign words into your writing, and you’ll build gianxi with me. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceHow to Pronounce Mobile10 Types of Hyphenation Errors

Business Ethics and Hospitality

Under the continual changing environment in petitive business, organisations are always r mended to e up with several advanced avenues to stay ahead in respective sectors. The invention goals are always encouraged for the business organisations, in order to achieve sustainable growth in the petitive markets. The goals of the managers in the hospitality and tourism sector are involved with responding to the collaborative relationships locally. However, many organisations are there to consider environmental values as the keys to their successes in modern era hospitality business. Dubai is mainly in the tropical climate that is predominantly based on desert area. Dubai has been suffering from the carbon footprint and this country uses large natural resources. The process of urbanisation creates environmental issues, however, they face scarcity in water, food and building materials. This study has focused on these issues analytically through the activities of Grandiose Resorts and SPA, a widely acknowledged hospitality centre in UAE. R mendations have been given at the end regarding environmental issues of Grandiose Resorts and SPA and an overall conclusion has been provided in the final section. Grandiose Resorts and SPA is working on hospitality sector and this resort has 250 rooms that contain 1 presidential suite in main building and 2 royal presidential suites that provide bird view and tiger enclosure. This resort includes 50 deluxe rooms and 197 superior rooms. This resort is 20 floors in main building and it is located on Jumeirah beach road, UAE. This resort has the features of 2 restaurants, roof top bar with organic herb garden with a butterfly garden. There is pools and game room in the hotel. This resort has the special facility of hunting which is not real and the people can have experience of private beach. The hospitality industry is largely based on the ethical and cultural resources and the hospitality industry engages interacting with the natural system. The practitioners of hotel industry use to ascertain the importance of implementing the ethics and keep developing them to ensure the improvement goals for the hospitality sector. As per the discussion of Collins (2012), tourism has emerged as one of the top industries in last few years. This industry has driven up the global economic growth radically and increased diverse opportunities for the practitioners. With the development of this industry, countries around the world had been able to take part in it either as the source market or as the tourist destination. However, the entire industry is usually operated within a plex environment. This plex environment is often found endorsing negative environmental and social impacts for the businesses. Grandiose Resorts and SPA is a widely recognised tourist destination in UAE, which is visited by numerous people every year. It has earned major acclamations in the petitive markets of his sector and has flourished globally. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has acknowledged the environmental considerations into their ethical values, which have provided them a r mendable goodwill in the market. The energy saving policies they endorsed at their restaurants, bar roof top or all along the hotel property have let them contribute to society at major scale. People within the society have also acknowledged their contribution widely, which had given them a massive drive in the petitive market. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has enabled an advanced waste management system in their organisation, which have again brought them extensive customer loyalty. They have addressed an advanced technology to extract fertilisers from waste food and also recycle them to produce foods for the fishes, animals or the birds inside the hotel. It has been considered as a major step to save the natural resources. The hospitality industry has also expressed their major concern on the animal and aqua lives as well, which had brought them enormous goodwill from the nature lovers along with the conservators (Talib, Rahman & Qureshi, 2012). These moral issues have led them much ahead in the business in parison to their petitors. According to Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell (2012), Grandiose Resorts and SPA has played a major role in saving the aqua live by installing a grand tank for the fishes in their resort. They have also propagated public awareness on the aqua lives, and other sea animals which had pr ovided them with a massive plight in moral consideration issues. Ethical decision-making approaches are highly prioritised in this modern era of hospitality business. Most of the organisations in this sector have enabled their management to follow the guidelines of ethical considerations in order to sustain in the petitive markets for long-term. Most of the decision-making methodologies in the hospitality sector are based on two fundamental approaches, such as Deontology and Teleology. The approaches in the decision-making methodologies of the managements of the business organisations are liable to lead the loyalty through a large-scale consumer satisfaction (Hartman & DesJardins, 2011). Grandiose Resorts and SPA has enabled both these principles in action while ensuring their decision-making methodologies. This organisation has considered all the needful actions under considerations related to the principles of Deontology and Teleology. However, they are not limited to implicate the service options only, they also have aligned them with the present scenario of the business. They have considered diverse factors under control, such as environment, marketing, and people. These factors had been found liable to address the fundamental needs of this sector from the large groups of consumers. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has addressed another framework to be considered in their ethical decision-making process, which were proved as highly effective for the growth of their business. They have followed a Venn diagram that is liable to consider all the needful factors in action. According to Easterby-Smith, Thorpe, & Jackson (2012), ensuring all these three responsibilities in action provide the opportunities to the hospitality organisations to gain massive loyalty among the consumers in a society. Figure 1: Venn diagram of Corporate Social Responsibility (Source: Hooley, Wellens, & Marriott, 2012) The ethical responsibilities followed by Grandiose Resorts and SPA, under the Venn diagram, had considered several environmental issues. They have planned fruitful designs to save the marine lives and conserve them for the benefits of mankind. They have also encouraged the waste management system that is liable to preserve the natural resources and save them from pletes exhaustion. This has been recognised as a major step from their end, mostly in the context of UAE, where the natural resources are being exhausted rapidly due to the rich lifestyles of their residents. The Legal Responsibilities of Grandiose Resorts and SPA have insisted them to follow all the Government rules and regulations. They have ensured all the Corporate Social Responsibilities in their organisation and kept checking them with care. They always tried to imply them into their decision-making policies (Rettab, Brik & Mellahi, 2009). Organisations in Hospitality sector are always liable to earn the maximum profits from their marketing, as it has already been recognised as the most revenue generating industry across the world. They are also liable to provide the highest levels of services to their guests and maintain them always to achieve sustainability in the market. However, in the argumentative words of Politis et al. (2009), managers from this sector often confront massive issues related to the ethical considerations. As per the discussion of Burchell & Cook (2006), the hospitality industry has been found as the major responsible for the negative impacts of the environment. This industry is believed to have frightening consequences over the environmental issues. However, the recent environmental considerations addressed by most of the organisations have changed the perception radically. In most of the cases, the ethical considerations from these organisations have empowered the environmental sustainability effectively. It not only has encouraged the managements to earn more customer loyalty through this, however, it also has allowed them, to meet their financial expectations as well. In the words of Katsioloudes & Brodtkorb (2007), the successful implications of ethical considerations have allowed the organisations to bring an environmental sustainability issues in forth. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has also approved these considerations as beneficial enough for their financial expectations and cons umer trustworthiness.   Grandiose Resorts and SPA has played a major role for the environmental causes and enabled promising actions in energy saving policies. As per their reviews, the hospitality sectors are mostly responsible for the damages in nature as they ruin the biodiversity massively. They find themselves responsible enough for exhausting the natural resources rapidly along with the water resources. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has coined these issues and grudges from the perspectives of the social people. They have always considered these obligations carefully while planning their policies of corporate social responsibilities. Hotel industry provides or contributes largely impact on the environment and this industry is trying to improve the condition at the regional or local context. Grandiose Resorts And SPA produces daily various hazardous products that are liquid, gas, powder, solid or dust particles. These products are not healthy at all. On the other side, non-hazardous products that are non-toxic es out from resorts. These products mingle with sea water and pollute the water. The waste disposal is increasing day-by-day. Grandiose Resorts and SPA can try to manage this with recycling projects. As stated by (Alonso & Csaba, 2012), these toxic and non-toxic products are harmful to both human and animals. Birds are facing issues from the polluted water. Not only water, air is polluted with the hospitality industry. The waste from the hospitality sector gets higher with the advancement of time and these affect the environment directly or indirectly. In global basins, 920, 000 tonnes of food items are wast ed from which 75% food items can be eaten. In the case of Dubai, the cost of food that is wasted in UAE from the hospitality sector is estimated at a few billion per year. As the researches done in the recent time, it is clearly showed that hospitality sectors create the waste that is mostly from 90% of the UK citizens, 30% Americans citizens and 70% of Australian citizens. Plants, sea and animals of Dubai get affected of this place. Local animals in Dubai are Arabian fox, sand Gazelle, Arabian Tahr, Arabian Leopard, Hare and Spiny tailed lizard. This country has several sea animals like, Pelagic, Demersal Fish, the shallows, Khor Kalba etc. Several marine animals are there like, Sea turtles, sea sharks, whales and Dolphins. Dubai faces the issues undrinkable water and emissions of carbon di-oxide etc. In most of the cases, the fundamental idea of improving the social and environmental practices is involved with sustainability. Thus, they are often enabled in the market segmentation processes as well. This process always indicates at a collective form of services, through which organisations are liable to enhance their loyalty from both people and government perceptions. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has also taken several factors into consideration while designing their environmental practices. They have strategized several goals on the basis of their prof itability. However, most importantly they had succeeded to engage their shareholders and stakeholders in their environmental practices Pearce (2012). This consideration has brought them enormous success in the hospitality sector. Grandiose Resorts and SPA must follow Federal Law NO. (24) Of 1999 that is for the protection and Development of the Environment of UAE. The economic responsibilities have also been followed by Grandiose Resorts and SPA, which included several actions under consideration. They have implicated strategies to involve guests in the environmental practices while strategizing the CSR activities. They have also propagated public awareness policies while promoting their services. In the words of Hooley, Wellens, & Marriott (2012), appointing local people and training them to work under a workforce culture have benefited the local economic structures effectively. Dubai is a country which is clearly based on the energy of oil resources and the water and air of this place are affected of this. Moreover, in Dubai region where the Grandiose Resorts and Spa are located is nearby the sea as it is on Jumeirah beach. As this place is nearby the sea, the saline water is not healthy for a drink. It is very difficult to purify the sea water as the seawater is very saline. The sea water cannot be drunk and Dubai region is full of oil resources. Energy resources are the main economical standpoint for Dubai and financial support es from energy that is oil-resources. Grandiose Resorts and SPA generates a significant amount of waste that is organic and the hospitality centre can follow recycle option. In addition with this, this organisation can follow reducing the waste costs as it helps to develop reusable resources that e from the landfill.   Any sort of diversification within it may change their goals and conclude with a mere failure in the industry. Approaching towards the maximum number of consumers and providing them the best services are considered as the top priorities for them. However, they are also liable to follow their corporate social responsibilities as well. As stated by Fineman (2001), CSR activities are meant to be providing financial supports as well for the organisations through customer reliabilities. (Refer to Appendix) In Hospitality sector, most of the organisations are associated with the shareholders and stakeholders, who always expect value for their money. They are r mended to be learnt it extensively and convinced about the economic success through it. According to Gentile (2010), controlling the food waste and providing donations of food that have been wasted have allowed them to assure food preservations for the munity and poor people. This is a major advantage they have addressed in order to earn a major scale loyalty among the consumers. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has introduced the most effective tools for their energy consumption policies. One of them is known as the Energy Star Portfolio Manager, which is liable to provide the additional information about nature as well. The use of Centralised Room Management System (CRMS) in Grandiose Resorts and SPA has effectively controlled the air conditioning system. It has allowed them to prevent massive carbon emission caused by the uses of air conditions in the organisation. The use of Centralised Room Management System also helps the organisations to control lightning in the guest rooms. The use of occupancy sensor all along the guest rooms has reduced the overall electricity consumption. Using the LED lightning in the rooms has not only reduced the electricity consumptions, it has also reduced their costs up to 50% per month. Management of Grandiose Resorts and SPA has considered their ethical values with active manner. They have led their strategical movements to the ne xt levels from the conservative techniques. Grandiose Resorts can install a reflective roof with energy curtains in freezer rooms with SAS switched to LED lights as the cost of $2,307 and with the savings of the first year would be high. The technique of solar panel can be taken that reduces the cost of electricity with giving natural energy and heating. mercial fuel cell system can give Grandiose Resorts and SPA a domestic hot water that is more efficiently than electricity. They have also focused on saving the water resources and enabled recycling policies to save the other natural resources. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has coined an extensive range of trustworthiness among the global travellers, who are highly concerned about the natural resources.   Recycling the wastage foods for the animals and produce substances from them for the animals along with the aquatic lives has also provided them with a massive success from environmental perception. Reusing the attributes and other materials for the guests along with the employees have also reduced the consumption of natural resources. The organisation can recycle the food scraps with bulk waste that contain intensive liquid fertiliser. Enabling recycle technologies in the organisations have allowed them to enjoy a r mendable position in the hospitality business sector. They have focused on contributing towards the natural resources and conserve them for the future generations. They have found these techni ques fruitful enough in their economic growth as well, which have encouraged them to introduce several other actions, such as wide solar scales, mercial fuel power system, refillable amenity dispenser, megawatt system, soil moisture system, rainwater harvesting systems, and aerators. Grandiose Resorts and SPA can ensure several actions under their ethical considerations, which included energy management policies for the future generations, water management policies for preservation, and waste management policies for recycling. Grandiose Resorts and SPA can use laundry equipment that has microprocessor with the controlling system, they can implement an ozone system with installing waterless urinals in public and employee restrooms and bathrooms. In the roof, Grandiose Resorts and SPA, they can   use rain gauge for watering the organic garden and they can use soil moisture for pouring water to butterfly garden. Harvesting water that has saved in rain and bio-retention basin can be helpful. Reusing the guest linen and their towels saves the energy and water for the organisations. Water is an issue mostly in Dubai, Grandiose Resorts and SPA can use Aerators on all the place in public and hotel places that helps to reduce the use of water consumption by 40%. Grandio se Resorts and SPA need to maintain the pool where water leaks and waste most water. Moreover, Grandiose Resorts and SPA can distribute 2 types of bins for waste management to the local munities to provide support to the government’s reunification policies such as, plastic, waste. They can use green waste bins for recyclable waste and black for non-recyclable products. Tourism biodiversity conservation in hospitality is one of the important aspects of conservation of animals, birds and plants altogether. Conservation and biodiversity are significant for the corporate social responsibility. Nature conservation is important in Dubai and hospitality industry should look into this. Grandiose Resorts and SPA needs to focus on their CSR activities and enabled their workplaces to follow them effectively. They have encouraged several ethical and moral considerations in their workplaces in order to gain the desired reputation from the global tourists. The proper implications of CSR activities have provided them with a massive loyalty in this sector. Besides, they have also succeeded to gain desired trustworthiness from the government officials and nature conservationists. Under the moral and ethical considerations, they have also insisted their shareholders and stakeholders follow all the guidelines of their environmental practices and CSR activities carefu lly. It is really hard for an organisation to convince them to conduct the CSR activities and consider the ethical values in action. Biodiversity is associated with the ecological processes and it is associated with the human needs. The policy that can be taken by Grandiose Resorts and SPA is reducing the cycling, soil management, purification of water and providing pure oxygen. This system can regulate the climate and manage the air. Corporate Social Responsibilities are considered as one of the most popular terms of modern era hospitality business. Organisations in the hospitality sector are always liable to follow them with proper ethical and moral considerations. Grandiose Resorts and SPA evaluate their ethical and moral standpoints that indicated towards conducting operations without harming the others. This study has tried to analyse all the factors that enhance these considerations. This study has also focused on the issues, which are liable to influence the ethical considerations for the organisations in this sector. The financial expectation goals are also addressed in this study with respect to the implication of environmental considerations. Grandiose Resorts and SPA has provided major evidence in regards to their environmental and social considerations, which have allowed the study to r mended further actions to the organisations. Alonso, M. J., & Csaba, N. S.   (2012).  Nanostructured biomaterials for ove ing biological barriers  (No. 22). Royal Society of Chemistry. Blowfield, M., & Murray, A. (2008). Corporate responsibility: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Burchell, J. (2008). The Corporate Social Responsibility Reader: Context & Perspectives. London: Routledge. Burchell, J., & Cook, J. (2006). Confronting the â€Å"corporate citizen† Shaping the discourse of corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 26(3/4), 121-137. Campbell, T., & Miller, S. (Eds.). (2006). Human rights and the moral responsibilities of corporate and public sector organisations (Vol. 20). Springer Science & Business Media. Carroll, B. A., & Buchholtz, A. K. (2015). Business and society, ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management (9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Collins, D. (2012). Business ethics: how to design and manage ethical organisations. NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2010). Business ethics: managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalisation (3rd ed.). UK: Oxford University Press. DesJardins, J. R. (2012). An introduction to business ethics (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., & Jackson, P. R. (2012). Management research. Sage. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2012). Business ethics: ethical decision making and cases (9th ed.). Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Fineman, S. (2001). Fashioning the environment. Organization, 8(1), 17-31. Fisher, C. M., & Lovell, A. (2009). Business ethics and values: Individual, corporate and international perspectives. New York: Pearson education. Gentile, M. C. (2010). Giving Voice to Values: How to Speak Your Mind When You Know What? s Right. USA: Yale University Press. Grace, D., & Cohen, S. (2010). Business ethics (4th ed.). South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. Hartman, L. P., & DesJardins, J. R. (2011). Business ethics: decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Hooley, T., Wellens, J., & Marriott, J. (2012). What is Online research?: Using the Internet for social science research. London: A&C Black. Hyde, K. F., Ryan, C., & Woodside, A. G. (Eds.). (2012). Field guide to case study research in tourism, hospitality, and Leisure (Vol. 6). Emerald Group Publishing. Katsioloudes, M. I., & Brodtkorb, T. (2007). Corporate social responsibility: an exploratory study in the United Arab Emirates. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 72(4), 9-11. Pearce, D. G. (2012). Frameworks for tourism research. UK: CABI. Politis, Y., Litos, C., Grigoroudis, E., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009). A business excellence model for the hotel sector: implementation to high-class Greek hotels. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 16(4), 462-483. Rettab, B., Brik, A. B., & Mellahi, K. (2009). A study of management perceptions of the impact of corporate social responsibility on organisational performance in emerging economies: the case of Dubai.Journal of Business Ethics, 89(3), 371-390. Swailes, S. (2013). The ethics of talent management. Business Ethics: A European Review, 22(1), 32-46. Talib, F., Rahman, Z., & Qureshi, M. N. (2012). Total quality management in the service sector: a literature review. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 6(3), 259-301. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from

Consider the mediatisation of warfare. Does the rise of social media Essay

Consider the mediatisation of warfare. Does the rise of social media change the ability of western military to control perceptio - Essay Example The government resources and power was no match for the hordes of people which were notified through the social media about where and when to meet for rallies and demonstrations. The Egyptian civil war was known as the Facebook Revolution, largely in recognition for the huge role of Facebook and the social media on the turnout of the war in the favor of the majority of Facebook users. This is a phenomenon which would likely be repeated in the future. There have already been incidents when the media and the social media has had an impact on warfare, so much so that it has also affected the western ability to control the perceptions of contemporary conflicts. This essay shall discuss this point further, seeking to answer how the rise of social media change the ability of western military to control perceptions of contemporary conflicts. This essay shall argue that the rise of the social media has decreased the ability of the western military to control perceptions of contemporary confl icts, especially in relation to how these wars are fought, how necessary or unnecessary they may be, how long they are fought, and in what favor the wars should end. Initially, a general overview of the impact of the social media on warfare will be discussed. This shall include a discussion on key theories related to the subject matter. This shall be followed by a discussion of various incidents where the social media has impacted on warfare in different parts of the world. The latter part shall then relate the impact of the social media on how the western military has been able to control (or not control) the perceptions of contemporary conflicts. B. Body In considering the theories discussed during this course, the media determinism theory is likely the closest theory which would help explain the impact of the social media on warfare and the outcomes of warfare (Chandler, 1995). The theory discusses how the media seems to imply a direction in opinions and actions which is not with in the cultural or political influence. There is a belief in this case that the media has a strong governing impact on society. It impacts on how individuals think and how they relate with each other. It drives social progress and innovation. This theory declares that media impacts significantly on society and it can have a significant cause and effect relationship with society (Chandler, 1995). Media technologies, including the social media can bring about change in society. This theory is a simplistic assessment of complicated situations, with cause and effect relations decreased to their lowest premise, sometimes managed in those conditions. Innis and McLuhan have applied this theory as they declare how the media can shape a person’s and society’s self-perception as well as realization (Chandler, 1995). In general, this theory highlights the fact that the media can impact significantly on how society and technology can impact on the general population. In this case, the social media is an innovation of the media. It is a new aspect of media relations which is also having a similar impact on society and how they understand, perceive, and conceptualize information. In other words, the theory supports the notion that the social

Deforestation Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deforestation Crisis - Essay Example However, money has influenced activities that lead to deforestation. In the US landowners are lured by the money generated from logging. They have sold forested acres to logging companies and developers aim at building housing complexes to form urban sprawl. Kenya is a periphery country, which according to world’s system theory, may be controlled by other states and has the weak central government. Just like other periphery countries, it depends on and exports raw materials to the superior states known as the core countries. However, Kenya suffers from deforestation just like the US. Over 100,000 hectares of its largest Mau forest is a victim of deforestation. The largest driver of deforestation in the region is the growing demand for construction timber due to infrastructural development in the country. However, factors like the need for charcoal fuel, expanding farming land and demand for settlement have also contributed to the deforestation in Kenya (Spilsbury 12). Kenya an d United State of America have correspondingly taken steps to help restrain the issue of deforestation. For instance, both governments have passed strict rules regulating the harvesting of trees in the forest and tough penalties for those who disobey the rules (Spilsbury 32). Similarly, the non-governmental organizations have also joined in the fight to curb deforestation in the two countries. The Green Belt Movement founded by the Nobel Prize winner Wangari Mathai has played a huge part in reducing deforestation of the Mau forest in Kenya.

Ethical Integrity Essay Example for Free

Ethical Integrity Essay This paper will deal with the concept of ethical integrity relative to the economic crisis of 2009. In order for this concept to make any sense, it must be a social ethic, guides to life and behavior for living in society. But the current state of western economics mas made it clear that revolutionary ideas need to be introduced into our conceptions about ethics, largely utilitarian and relativist. In this paper, the damage done to western economics–and the public perception of economics–will be seen through the eyes of four very different, but complimentary authors: John Locke, Pierre Proudhon, Murray Bookchin and GWF Hegel. All three will be used to deal with the elements of ethic integrity in a time of radical dissatisfaction with the status quo: a status quo where the state and the corporate governance of the western world is coming into question like never before. Proudhon was a revolutionary that functioned in the tradition of Locke. He takes the contract of free peoples that was so dear to Locke in forming the state and takes it one step further: that the state, as outlined by Locke, is not necessary at all, if the main basis of it is the contract in defense of natural rights. The state, in this view, seems to be an unnecessary middleman that always grows far beyond the bounds the libertarians like Locke seek to imprison it (George, 1922, 534). For Proudhon, then, all politics is coercive and power hungry, and hence, Locke’s libertarian theory just provides the groundwork for later tyranny and statism. Proudhon is the creator of a system fo exchange called, for lack of a better phase, â€Å"mutualist anarchism. † What Proudhon saw in his day (the late 18th century) was the wild industrialization of life, the making of quick fortunes and the basic instability of life that was the lot of the average worker and small business man. Such a view would fit to our own day as well. But what Proudhon envisaged is the dismantling of the central state and the large corporate behemoth into t mutualist federation of communities (George, 1922, 535). For him, the man was not a citizen, for that was a mystification with no meaning. He was primary a producer: an industrial worker, farmer, fisherman or banker. It was here that his economic worth was found. All others, the state and the corporate boss, were mere parasites that produced nothing. But if the ethical option of revolution is a proper one, then what would replace the huge modern state? This is the essence of mutualism: the morally integral person manifests his integrity by making and keeping contracts with other people and communities (George, 1922, 538). Anarchy for Proudhon is the moral force that binds individuals and communities to contracts, contracts which represent mutual agreement. If this is the case, then the state makes little sense: the force that binds is the community whose moral force as well as one’s reputation serve to cement ties one person (producer) to another. In other words, each community of producers, functioning in the larger community of diverse members, have their worth in their skills in a trade or producer’s association: this means that the function of this skill in the society requires a moral approach to contracts: by refusing to hold up one’s side of the bargain will expose the person in question as morally fraudulent and hence, outside of the system of mutual exchange, and hence, needless to say, broke. Mutualism means moral integrity because one’ ability to exchange goods and services by way of contract is the basis of an orderly society, not the direction of the state or the creation of needs by corporate bosses. The nature of revolution, then is the gradual taking of political power away from the sate and the corporate boards by these societies of mutual aid: producer’s organizations of farmers, mechanics, etc. Hence, what Locke began as the contract among free property holders to create a state is taken to its next level: workers and producers protecting their autonomy by joining in associations to function on the basis of mutual aid, guaranteed by contract and personal reputation. In other words, Proudhon takes Locke to the next level: from the mutual aid of property holders to the mutual aid of all producers (Proudhon, 1977, 12ff). In both cases, the idea of contract and mutual aid is central, but, since Proudhon is writing in an already industrialized time (Locke, right at the beginning), much has changed since Locke wrote, and the world of industry and finance has destroyed individual autonomy, not enhanced it. As in our own times, both the state and the corporate actors have grown into a symbiotic monster that sucks the average worker dry in taxes and debt. The reality is that no rational person can look at the economic system in the western world in 2009 and claim that it has protected autonomy, community and property: it has done exactly the opposite. Hence, this paper’s focus: the creation, basis and reaction of the morally integral person to this crisis.

Contrasting Friendship Essay -- essays papers

Contrasting Friendship â€Å"The two ladies, who had been intimate since childhood, reflected how little they knew each other†. This is how, author, Edith Wharton shows the relationship of two characters, Mrs. Ansley and Mrs. Slade, in the short story â€Å"Roman Fever.† These two women who are supposed to be friends, led envious lives of each other, and because of the way they lived they were very contrasting and conflicting characters. In the end, I believe Mrs. Slade was guiltier for her actions and in fact the whole incident would have never happened if it weren’t for her. Before there widowhood these two ladies led very envious and superficial lives. In describing her friend Mrs. Slade says, â€Å"Mrs. Horace Ansley, twenty-five years ago, had been exquisitely lovely†¦though, of course, still charming, distinguished†¦far more beautiful than her daughter. Horace Ansley was just the duplicate of his wife. Museum specimens of old New York. Good-looking, irreproachable, exemplary†. In return, when Mrs. Ansley was asked about or spoke about Mrs. Slade she would reply, â€Å"Alida Slade’s awfully brilliant; but not as brilliant as she thinks. Mrs. Slade had been an extremely dashing girl; much more so than her daughter who was pretty, of course, and clever in a way, but had none of her mother’s—well vividness†. These two ladies had a friendship based upon nothing but there own jealous and arrogant behavior; as if the only reason they spoke was in spite of one another. As Wharton describes them, â€Å" these tw o ladies visualized each other, each through the wrong end of her little telescope† (258). Wharton realized that these fragments composed the only true communication about their friendship and therefore told the real story of Mrs. Slade and ... ...hat Mrs. Ansley finally decided to shut Mrs. Slade up of her arrogant, superficial talk and she nonchalantly turned to Mrs. Slade and said, â€Å"I had Barbara†. In the end, I believe, it was Mrs. Ansley who had the ultimate revenge. While Mrs. Slade had planned to get rid of Mrs. Ansley that night, Mrs. Ansley not only answered the letter, and had a night of passion with Mrs. Slade’s husband, but she also had his child. Each time Mrs. Slade tried to make Mrs. Ansley feel like she meant nothing, Mrs. Ansley came back with a harsher reality for Mrs. Slade. Throughout the whole story, I believe Mrs. Slade is ultimately at greater fault because she was the one who brought up the letter and she wouldn’t let it go. She felt she had to top Mrs. Ansley each time. Though both women were at fault, in a way, Mrs. Slade had no one to blame for the consequences but herself.

My Christmas 2008

When I woke up early morning Friday 19. December the first thought that crossed my mind was that finally, today we were getting free from school! This holiday was going to be amazing! Time went on and suddenly I got home from school and the days without homework, early mornings and tired hours were finally over! What a relief†¦ I started these days by just sleeping. I slept for a very long time the first nights. I didn't really do anything special the first weekend. I was rested and ready for a new week full of Christmas, friends, family and fun! Christmas Eve was really good. My aunt and my grandfather visited us and ate dinner with us. I just love the dinner on Christmas Eve! My neighbour, a good friend of mine also showed up late at night, and he stayed with us a little while we watched a movie and talked. At the first day of Christmas my whole family, including my uncles, aunts with their family. My cousins are so fun to be around, so I had a really good day. Christmas is the best holiday. At least that's what I think. Next day I went shopping with two of my friends. Of course this trip went no longer than Sweden. We ended the day by watching movies and eating a lot candy. Not very healthy though, but we had a good time that day. The days went faster then ever, and suddenly it was new years eve! I spent this night only with my family. We ate good food, and the night turned out to be real nice. After this night the holiday was going to an end, and before we knew it, suddenly it was Monday and back to school. I really loved this holiday. I had a good time with my family and my friends that I care about a lot. They're the best. Hoping it will be just as good next year.

Sun Tzu

OD 13-00706Mar13 SUBJECT: Book Report on Sun Tzu The Art of War and its Pertinence to Combat Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general, strategist, and philosopher from the Zhou Dynasty. He was believed to have lived somewhere in the time period of the Warring States from 476-221 BC. Scholars believe he is the author of The Art of War, an extremely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. Other scholars however, believe that Sun Tzu was in fact a combination of different generals and tacticians and that The Art of War was a collection of their combined efforts and wisdom.The Art of War was discovered in the 8th century in Japan where it was released to the masses and saw an explosion in popularity during the 20th century. Prior to that, it was a collection kept under secrecy allowed only to the reigning emperor. The entire work is the foundation for military tactics today. There are three key principles developed by Sun Tzu, know your enemy and know yourself and in 100 bat tles you will never be in peril. To win 100 battles is not the height of skill, to subdue the enemy without fighting is. Avoid what is strong and attack what is week.Utilizing these three key principles, Sun Tzu focused on achieving his goal with the minimal amount of casualties and resources. In his book, Sun Tzu teaches â€Å"winning without conflict. † Conflict is expensive and the cost is ultimately burdened by the people of the states. Beating opponents and winning battles may satisfy the ego, but Sun Tzu considers that goal a foolish one. This belief can be seen through every war that American has been engaged in and the cost it has taken monetarily as well as emotionally on the people.In every conflict that America has been engaged in, tactics and teachings of Sun Tzu were either utilized by American forces, or against American forces. During the Vietnam war, General Vo Nguyen Giap, the military mastermind behind victories over American forces in Vietnam, was an avid s tudent and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas. General Giap understands Sun Tzu’s teachings of indirect attacks to confuse and utilizes insurgents to stage hit and run attacks against the Americans.This is similar to Sun Tzu invasion of Chu, where he would attack weaker outposts drawing the main forces to that area. When the main forces arrived, Sun Tzu was already gone attacking the next weak outpost causing his enemies military to constantly stay on the move and grow tired and weaker. As Sun Tzu says, it is more important to outthink your enemy than to outfight him. Looking at Sun Tzu’s teaching, you can see that he predicted the loss of the Vietnam War by the U. S as well as the victory of WWII.As Sun Tzu states, in war numbers alone confer no advantage, do not advance relying on sheer military power. This tactic was utilized heavily by the United States in Vietnam and they learned that despite their overwhelming military might, they cannot win this war. General Giap t akes Sun Tzu’s teaching of know your enemy and know yourself and in 100 battles you will know no peril, and learns the habits of the Americans. He comes to realize that the Americans are incredibly predictable; they prepare all landing zones by blanketing the area with artillery strikes and then bring in the troops.General Giap has his soldiers lying in wait after the artillery rounds land and ambushes the incoming American soldiers. Through knowing his enemy General Giap utilizes Sun Tzu’s teaching of indirect attack, attack the weak points avoid the strong points, and through this the CIA comes to realize that roughly 80% of the conflicts occur due to the Vietcong choosing to engage. The Vietnamese chose whether they wanted to engage American soldiers due to the utilizing and understanding of these key principles of Sun Tzu. General Giap shows his understanding of Sun Tzu no better than the Tet offensive.Sun Tzu states, let you plans be as dark and night then strike like a thunderbolt. This is portrayed perfectly by the Vietnamese when they attack roughly 100 targets at once during the Tet holiday in Vietnam. General Giap receives orders from his superiors to conduct a full frontal assault on American forces. Realizing this is suicide he instead coordinates a massive multipronged simultaneous attack on a hundred different locations on 31January1968. The Tet offensive was prepared in total secrecy and utilized to the fullest one of Sun Tzu’s favorite tactics, the spy.Sun Tzu states that if you discover an enemy has spy’s within your ranks, to offer him luxury and monetary incentives to turn against his country and serve you. He also emphasizes utilizing a spy to properly disseminate false information to mislead your enemy into thinking you will attack one area when you are truly attacking another. One week prior to the Tet offensive, the Vietnamese attack Khe San, one of the marine outposts. This was a distraction to draw as many t roops away from the other posts prior to the Tet holiday.This onslaught progressed for days, at one point the President of the United States made the generals of each branch sign a letter stating they would not lose Khe San. This was all going according to plan for General Giap, know your enemy’s weakness, let your plans be as dark as night, utilize indirect attacks, have spies plant misinformation, and it is more important to outthink your enemy. All of these Sun Tzu teachings come together for the main operation on 31January1968, simultaneously Vietnamese troop’s assault over 100 American military positions taking them all.It is the most successful attack done by the North Vietnamese. AS Sun Tzu states, use a direct attack to engage and an indirect attack to win. Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, depicts to the reader the foundation for any successful military engagement. General Giap utilized these principles to their fullest during Vietnam to the detriment of the Un ited States and other allied countries. If you look at all wars, past and present you will see that those who follow his teachings are victorious, while those who do not are doomed to fail.By following Sun Tzu’s three key principles of know your enemy and know yourself, and in 100 battles you will never be in peril, to win 100 battles is not the height of skill, to subdue the enemy without fighting is, and avoid what is strong and attack what is week, your military will never know defeat. LAURANCE KENNY 2LT, OD References: Sunzi, Ralph D. Sawyer, Mei-chu? n Sawyer, and Bin Sun. The Complete Art of War. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996. Print. Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Tokyo: Project Gutenburg, 1910. Sun Tzu/ Lionel Giles. The Art of War: Sun Tzu. London: Pax Librorium, 1905.

Risk assessment of hazardous materials

Risk assessment of hazardous materials Introduction Risk assessment is a procedure that we always carry out on daily either unknowingly or knowingly. The main purpose of this paper is examine how risk assessment is done at home or in working setting especially when we handle hazardous materials.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk assessment of hazardous materials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is recommended that the storage and handling of inflammable and hazardous materials must be done with care and caution; otherwise it can prove to be fatal. Some of the procedures for carrying out risk assessments for personal safety have been outlined in the rest of the paper, mainly touching on three tasks. The first task is that of painting. Paints are some of the hazardous materials people handle on a daily basis. In particular, oil based paints have been proven to be flammable and hazardous to human beings. Before using these paints it is important for t he user to carry out thorough risk assessment to ensure that health and safety precautions are in place at home, especially where children and pets are involved (Berman, 2001). The following measures must be observed; the first step is to make sure that paint is kept in a sealed container to prevent air from getting into the container. Secondly, It is appropriate to pour out a little amount of paints in another container to make sure that there are no paint drops from the container to prevent any spillage or dropping on to the surface (Kunreuther Patrick, 1991). Thirdly, the remaining paints must be properly stored in a sealed container and kept away from children or pets. Incase the paints has been taken from the original container, the new container must be properly sealed and marked so as to prevent any accidental use by somebody else. It has been proven that dried out paints can potentially cause fire (Berman, 2001). The second task is that of changing car oil. When changing ca r oil it is also important to protect yourself and your home environment from any spillage. The correct risk assessment should include the following tasks. First; check out whether there is any leakage from the tank so as to avoid any spillage. Secondly; in case of any spillage on the ground it is important to remove that oil together with soil (Kunreuther Patrick, 1991). For any spillage on the ground or solid surfaces, the spillage needs to be soaked with absorbent materials like fibers or sawdust which will be collected into a separate container. Thirdly; while changing oil from the car, it is paramount that the car is properly parked on a level area to avoid it going forward or backwards.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fourth, while handling oil, one is advised to wear protective clothing and safety glasses to prevent oil from getting in the eye. Fifth, the discarded oil must be poured into a proper container and kept or dumped in proper waste area where children and pests cannot get to. The third task is disposing of hazardous materials which are common in most work settings. Clinical wastes are extremely dangerous and are often referred to as ‘biohazard’ because they contain contaminated substances and infectious materials that are harmful to human beings (Watfa, 2007). In relation to the disposal clinical waste, it is recommended that personal health and safety measures are followed. Most clinical waste such as needles, syringes, drugs or body fluids are harmful both to human bodies and the environment. This requires proper measures for risk assessments which include the following; first; it is important to put all the clinical wastes in a properly marked container, different colored bags or bin that have been labeled. The handler must wear globes to avoid any toxic or contaminated material from getting into the skin. S econdly; when cleaning the clinical work areas, one must use proper detergents and sanitizers and other recommended bleach solution to sterilize the work place after the disposal of the wastes (Reis et al, 2006). The cleaner must also wear protective clothing to prevent the skin from getting into contact with the wastes. Thirdly, there must a properly designated area for keeping the waste materials from the clinic practice where nobody can get access to. Only the designated and properly trained and qualified personnel should be allowed to handle such materials. Fourth, there must be a special vehicle for transporting such materials from the clinic practice to the designated dumping places. The persons handling such materials must also keep personal hygiene by wearing protective clothes and wash their hands with proper detergents to avoid contacting or spreading any viral infections to other people (Reis et al, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk as sessment of hazardous materials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The environmental experts argue that every organization must provide an adequate space for storing hazardous materials and wastes. In relation to bio-hazardous wastes, Sullivan Krieger argue that there must be a clear separation between ‘human and hazardous materials’. In addition, the areas where wastes are being processed must separate from the ordinary work setting. It is also important that all staff, patients and visitors do not come into contact with clinical wastes (Sullivan Krieger, 2001). In conclusion, this paper has largely focused on the need for carrying out every risk assessment when it comes to handling hazardous materials. By and large, it is important that every body should observe personal health and safety when dealing such materials or cleaning equipments either at home or work place. This is meant to prevent the worker or user from personal a ccidents, cross contamination or even contracting viral Reference List Berman, A. J. (2001). The healthy home handbook: Eco-friendly design. London: Frances Linco Kunreuther, H., Patrick, R. ( 1991). Managing the Risks of Hazardous Waste. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 33(3) Reis, P., Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. (2006). Understanding health care facility safety. Oakbrook Terrace, Ill: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Sullivan, J. B., Krieger, G. R. (2001). Clinical environmental health and toxic exposures. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Watfa, N. T. (2007). Safety in the Use of Chemicals at the Workplace, in Chemical Safety: International Reference Manual (ed M. Richardson). Weinheim, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

Is nutrition intervention an essential component to the management of Essay

Is nutrition intervention an essential component to the management of diabetes in the ELDERLY - Essay Example The prevalence of type 2 DM has nearly doubled over the past 25 years, with certain groups - native Americans, Hispanics, and African-Americans - at particularly high risk of developing the disease (HORNICK & ARON, 2008). Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death by disease in the United States, killing approximately 225,000 people each year. The direct cost of diabetes is $92 billion a year, representing 11 percent of total health care expenditures in the U.S. (Hayashi, 2007). At least 20% of persons 65 years of age or above and 26% of long-term care facility residents have diabetes, and the annual cost of caring for the latter is estimated at $6 billion (American Diabetes Association, 2008) (Pandya, 2003). Older diabetics are two to three times more likely to need hospital admission than their non-diabetic counterparts (Damsgaard, Froland, & Green, 1987). An analysis of the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including subjects over 65 y.o. and type 2 DM, found an alarmingly high prevalence of comorbid conditions in this population: 31.5% had renal insufficiency, 20.2% had a history of myocardial infarction, and 17.9% had heart failure (Suh, Kim, Choi, & Plauschinat, 2007). Physiologic and pathologic changes of ageing may concur to induce malnutrition. After the age of 65, weight loss occurs at rate of up to 0.65 kg/year (Lehmann & Bassey, 1996), although there is substantial variation between individuals. A decline in muscle mass begins from 30 to 40 years of age, and continues into advanced old age (Elia, 1992). Failure to thrive in the elderly was described as "a syndrome manifested by weight loss greater than 5% of baseline, decreased appetite, poor nutrition, and inactivity, often accompanied by dehydration, depressive symptoms, impaired immune function, and low cholesterol levels." (Lonergan, 1991) It is estimated that 15 to 50 percent of Americans over the age of 65 consume too few calories, protein or essential vitamins and minerals for good health. (2007) The various causes of malnutrition can be summarized in a useful mnemonic "Meals On Wheels"(2007): Medications, including digoxin, diuretics, anti-inflammatory agents, antacids, H2-blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants etc, which may induce side effects like anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cognitive disturbance and increased metabolism, Emotional problems, such as depression, Anorexia (loss of appetite), commonly due to age-related changes in taste and smell, Late-life paranoia, Swallowing problems (dysphagia), that may arise from poor teeth, ill-fitting dentures, gastroesophageal reflux disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, or throat tumors, Oral factors, like tooth loss and periodontal disease, Neoplasia, Wandering, in the setting of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, which are often associated with poor feeding, Hypermetabolic disorders, Enteric problems or malabsorption, Eating difficulties, because of impaired vision, disturbed motor function, or physical disabilities like arthritis or Parkinson's disease, Low-salt and low-cholesterol diets, often resulting in reduced intake due to poor taste, Social problems, including poverty, lack of care, and poor living conditions. There are severals

Organized Crime in the United States Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organized Crime in the United States - Assignment Example If push comes to shove, Mafia usually ends up with an option to murder and other related act of crimes just to make it a point to achieve its objectives. Organized crime just like the Mafia continues to exist today because it has substantial hold prior to its foundation and sustainability. Its operations as an organization substantially involve both economic and political concerns. In this reason, it is always an opportunity for Mafia to have tie up with corrupt political machines (Mallory, 2007). Not only that, it also ensures to have strong link with other powerful few in the society. In this way, they could have more freedom to initiate everything prior to the achievement of their objectives. Furthermore, social disorganization in the face of gangs usually evolves into a group something bigger and ends up like organized crime (Mallory, 2007). This means, culture in making violence persists and even could form into something more systematic just with the case of organized crime. The U.S. criminal justice system is dealing with the American Mafia due to the following reasons. First, part in the judicial investigation and emancipation of law, there is a concrete battle on how to define Mafia or even organized crime. The state tries to come up with concrete definition how to define organized crime and substantially includes Mafia in this category (Lyman & Potter, 2007; Mallory, 2007). Another point is the fact that the US justice system is not oblivious about the crimes committed by this group that at some point may lead to terroristic activities. That is why The Patriot Act may substantially deal with this issue (Reichel, 2007). This eventually paves the way to investigate further this group and even subject their actuation to the rule of law in order to ensure that justice system prevails in the state. For this reason, the US criminal justice system views the cases of crimes committed by Mafia in the same